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But Yasmin Cader, a deputy legal director for the American Civil Liberties Union, said by email that the Miranda decision made the guarantees of the Constitution a reality.

Justice Alito wrote that the remedy for a violation of the Miranda decision was exclusion of defendants’ statements at their criminal trials.

In considering whether police officers may be sued for failing to administer the warning, the justices debated whether the Miranda decision had established a constitutional right or something less concrete.

Since the Miranda decision had “announced a constitutional rule,” he wrote, a statute that sought to overrule it was itself unconstitutional.

What the Miranda decision guaranteed, he said, was that confessions obtained without the required warnings could not be used at trial.