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More massive systems such as galaxy clusters— where Fritz Zwicky first posited dark matter’s existence and coined its name—show evidence for missing mass even though their acceleration tends to be above the threshold scale in MOND.

The discrepancy was dubbed “the missing mass problem,” but many scientists at the time doubted Zwicky's suggestion that hidden matter might be to blame.

If confirmed, the axions that may have been detected wouldn’t fix the asymmetries in the strong force or explain most of the missing mass in the universe, said Kai Martens, a physicist at the University of Tokyo who worked on the experiment.

Prof Dave Tappin and colleagues realised they had to investigate the island volcano's missing mass - now under the ocean's surface - or they would never truly get a full description of Anak Krakatau's failure.

He called the missing mass “dark matter.”