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Ruyle’s findings emerge at a time when ultra-potent opioid antagonists, namely nalmefene and high-dose naloxone, are attempting to gain a market foothold by claiming that fentanyl overdoses require especially strong drug options.

In future work, the researchers hope to incorporate an overdose reversal agent such as nalmefene into the device, so that drug release would be triggered when the person's breathing rate slowed or stopped.

Last week, the FDA also endorsed Opvee, a new version of another medication that reverses overdoses called nalmefene.

As opposed to products using naloxone, such as the 4 milligram spray approved for over-the-counter sale in March, nalmefene hydrochloride acts on a user’s opioid receptors longer and is, in general, more potent.

Symptoms that would last 30 to 40 minutes with a naloxone dosage can last more than six hours with nalmefene.