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Subak reporters, which can be synthesized at room temperature in a single-pot reaction, cost just $1 per nanomole to make.

Inside the world of sports — where careers are built on split-second wins and governed by rules that measure testosterone by the nanomole — these women’s proposals have gained some surprising voices of support.

The I.O.C. has been widely expected to require transgender Olympic athletes to adhere to the five nanomole limit after the Tokyo Games.

According to new research, which examines available studies of testosterone suppression, evidence shows that even a reduction to one nanomole per liter — squarely within the average female range — only minimally reduces the advantages of muscle mass and strength retained as men transition to women.

In April, a second pair of scientists — Eric Vilain, a genetic medicine expert at Children’s National Medical Center, and Maria José Martinez-Patiño, who researches sports science at the University of Vigo — argued in the Lancet that the IAAF’s choice of 5 nanomole per liter is “arbitrary.”