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In the past decade, researchers learned how to change these nanotubes' properties so they respond to almost anything in the blood.

Although carbon-based nanotubes have fascinating ET properties, they are particularly difficult to control in terms of their shape and size due to extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, required for their synthesis.

The process involves blending three main components -- carbon nanotubes, polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose -- followed by freeze-drying.

To address this issue, the team developed a hybrid porous structure using polyvinyl alcohol, a lightweight polymer with high affinity for lithium ions, combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanocarbon spheres.

These sensors consist of tiny carbon nanotubes wrapped in polymers.