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However, he added, "I persevered because I strongly suspected that there would be fascinating interactions between the dopamine and serotonin systems that were being missed by other studies that focused on only one neuromodulator at a time, and it turned out that this was exactly the case."

Singamaneni and the team stored octopamine, a neuromodulator involved in various functions, and released it on demand.

Our current study suggests the hormone is an important neuromodulator for improved reaction time.

A: Serotonin is a neuromodulator, a special kind of neurotransmitter that quickly broadcasts its message to a large fraction of the brain.

For instance, the neuromodulator dopamine seems to act as a global reward signal.