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But biologists studying everything from yeast to snakes to humans have recently unearthed a plethora of so-called noncanonical ORFs, which lack those prefatory snippets and are shorter than average.

So they teamed up with gene annotation specialist Jonathan Mudge of GENCODE, the database of officially recognized genes, and ultimately recruited several dozen other researchers from 20 institutions across four continents to help assess how many human noncanonical ORFs exist.

By 2022, the scientists had tracked down 7264 noncanonical ORFs in the human genome.

All told, they confirmed that one-quarter of the 7264 noncanonical ORFs they had tallied made proteins, some 3000 in all.

She imagined a climactic moment in which Medusa confronts Athena and asks the goddess why she, the victim, was unjustly punished, and added a noncanonical love affair between Medusa and a female water nymph.