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Atoms split naturally, but in 1919, Rutherford oversaw the first artificially-induced nuclear reaction in human history at the Victoria University of Manchester's laboratories.

The amount of metals a supernova has also influences aspects like the number of nuclear reactions it may have or how long its explosion remains bright.

As nuclear reactions occur on the sun, it routinely expels material from its surface.

Other elements were formed later, by nuclear reactions inside stars or when stars exploded in events known as novae or supernovae.

Astronomers and astrophysicists could use this information to understand how neutron stars behave, study nuclear reactions between neutron stars and black holes colliding, and how heavy elements, including gold and uranium, are produced.