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They remained small for most of the yeast's life, but at a nucleolar size threshold, the nucleoli suddenly began to grow quickly and expand to a much larger size.

Next, the researchers plan to study nucleolar effects on aging in human stem cells.

Impairment of ribosome production and other nucleolar dysfunctions lie at the heart of cancers, neurodegeneration and developmental disorders.

In a first for the condensate field, researchers from the lab of Rohit Pappu, the Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professor of biomedical engineering, and colleagues in the Center for Biomolecular Condensates in the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, figured out how nucleolar sub-structures are assembled.

Building on spatial proteomics data from the lab of Emma Lundberg, associate professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, and novel algorithms developed by Kiersten Ruff, a staff research scientist at McKelvey, and colleagues in the Pappu lab, the team identified unique "molecular grammars" including the presence of proteins with long acidic tracts as a key defining feature of many nucleolar proteins.