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This is "a very clear signature and footprint of a classic Amoc slowdown" says Matthew England, professor of oceanography at the University of South Wales.

The study also offers another probable mechanism that may have facilitated this recent expansion of Atlantic cownose rays to Bermuda -- oceanography.

Only recently, an AWI oceanography team published a modelling study on this subject.

"We urge the creation of more expansive coral reef microbial datasets on a global scale and recommend undertaking interdisciplinary research encompassing ecology, marine chemistry, physical oceanography and microbiomics."

Carlos Moffat, who researches glacier-ocean interactions and polar oceanography at the University of Delaware, said equipment stationed in fjords is commonly crushed by all the movement.