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The researchers were able to turn inducible oncogenic genes on using "optogenetics."

By integrating a blue-light-responsive system into the mini-colons, the researchers made them undergo controlled oncogenic mutations, which can reveal tumor evolution with unprecedented details.

"In essence, we used light to trigger tumorigenesis by turning on oncogenic driver mutations in a spatiotemporally controlled manner in healthy bioengineered colon epithelial organoids," says Matthias Lütolf, who is also the founding director of Roche's new Institute of Human Biology.

However, recent studies have shown that the glucocorticoid receptor also has an oncogenic, or cancer-promoting, effect in cancers like breast and prostate cancer.

In prostate cancer, the glucocorticoid receptor can replace the activity of the androgen receptor, which is main oncogenic factor in this cancer, when its activity is inhibited by drug therapy.