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"You get a ping on a device and it creates an open loop," says Ms Marshall.

In the most popular systems, called open loop scrubbers, seawater is discharged to the ocean after little or no treatment.

Users of the devices argue that there is no conclusive scientific research showing that discharges from open loop scrubbers - which wash out the sulfur - cause environmental harm.

Tailored pencil dresses, motorbike trousers and belted, oversized coats came in leather of all finishes – from a cushioned version of the label’s signature Intrecciato weave to an open loop design similar to chainmail.

Money still had to be pre-loaded on to these cards, but the system was now an “open loop”.