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For years, he was given varying explanations, like bipolar disorder or oppositional defiant disorder—but the focus on his struggles with addiction overshadowed all else.

For almost 30 years, two foster parents ran a home called Millers Care for youth labeled with “oppositional defiant disorder.”

Christian has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

Police records show she was on a variety of medications, including antipsychotics, and had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

Externalizing psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse and oppositional defiant disorder, are also seen in children who are directly exposed to war.