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"However, others are likely to be living at a parental home due to a bad shock of some kind – such as the end of a relationship or a redundancy – or simply because they cannot afford to live independently."

Goldin also demonstrated that, although work opportunities for women expanded in the twentieth century, especially in societies in which children leave the parental home, they were not exploited as much as they could have been.

"But these require additional collateral like cash or equity in the parental home," Mr Hollingworth said.

The average age people leave the parental home in Portugal is 33.6, the highest in the European Union, according to data from the bloc's statistics office.

In 2021, 58% of adults aged 18 to 24 lived in their parental home, compared to 17% of adults aged 25 to 34.