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“Modi has a very authoritarian mindset. He doesn’t believe in democracy. He doesn’t believe in Parliamentarianism,” said Christophe Jaffrelot, who has written about Modi and the Hindu right.

Parliamentarianism, by contrast, provides a safety valve because the legislature has the ability to remove the executive, typically by simple majority vote.

“What’s wrong with Germany becoming more like multiparty democracies in the Netherlands or Scandinavia?” asked Andreas Schulz, a researcher on the history of German parliamentarianism.

The EU is undoubtedly bureaucratic, opaque and contemptuous of the parliamentarianism that you and I cherish.

Photograph: Ozan Kose/AFP/Getty Images Some fear it might be Turkey’s last election – before a dictatorship Cengiz Çandar, political analyst The reason for such worries is that Erdoğan has turned the ballot into a kind of referendum on his one-man drive to rewrite the country’s constitution, abolish parliamentarianism and install a powerful new executive presidency occupied by himself.