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Viability measured by ATP levels on day 3 at phenformin concentrations indicated by the black–blue scale, compared to ATP levels on day 0.

Figure 4: Cancer cells with deficiencies in glucose utilization or complex I are sensitive to phenformin.

The proliferation assay was for 4 days in the absence of phenformin. d, Heteroplasmy levels of and as in of Cal-62 tumour xenografts in mice treated with or without phenformin for 28 days.

Figure 4: Cancer cells with deficiencies in glucose utilization or complex I are sensitive to phenformin.

Viability measured by ATP levels on day 3 at phenformin concentrations indicated by the black–blue scale, compared to ATP levels on day 0.