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These channels facilitate water transportation across cells more rapidly than diffusion through the membrane phospholipid bilayer.

Viral genomes are encapsulated by a protein-based capsid, but in many cases, including that of SARS-CoV-2, that capsid is covered by a phospholipid bilayer membrane, which is essential for the virus to fuse with cell membranes.

The phospholipid bilayer patches allow greasy antibiotics and detergents to enter the cell, and transient defects at the boundaries between the two different lipid phases allow leakage of large soluble molecules7.

In these mutants, phospholipids migrate into the external surface of the outer membrane to create mixed membranes containing patches of phospholipid bilayer scattered among the zones of LPS–phospholipid membrane.

E. coli has two distinct membranes: the inner membrane, which is a phospholipid bilayer; and the asymmetric outer membrane, in which LPS lines the external surface, and a single layer of phospholipids forms the internal surface.