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He was never a right-wing pied noir, and he was a longtime champion of expanding political rights to Arabs and Berbers in Algeria.

Camus was the classic pied noir, or French colonial settler, a second-generation French immigrant to what was then a part of France.

Bergé had grown up in a family that did not care that he was gay; for Saint Laurent’s conservative father, a pied noir in Algeria, having a gay son was a source of deep embarrassment.

She was a French teacher and a pied noir.

"Politicians ... write any old thing to keep us happy," said 82-year-old Gerard Perrin, a fifth-generation 'pied noir' who received two letters from Hollande earlier this year.