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In an experiment with 35 native English-speaking adults, researchers tracked the brain activity of participants learning a miniature language called Mini Pinyin that is based on Mandarin but with similar grammatical rules to English.

Half of the participants learned Mini Pinyin in the morning and then returned in the evening to have their memory tested.

The other half learned Mini Pinyin in the evening and then slept in the laboratory overnight while their brain activity was recorded.

The city’s name is now spelled Nanjing under the pinyin romanization system.

But he said the attacks had connections to China including cryptography relying on Pinyin phonetic versions of Chinese language characters, as well as techniques that echoed previous attacks by the Chinese government.