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A quick check suggests that titanium could soon be surpassed by any number of elements in the platinoid family, including ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium.

For cheap bells, therefore, there is a great temptation to use some other white metal, such as silver, german silver, platinoid, etc.

The addition of a trace of tungsten to German silver, as in platinoid, also largely increases the resistance.

A = √d� / 500 for copper wires A = √d� / 4000 for iron wires A = √d� / 5000 for platinoid wires.

The platinoid coil was insulated from the water by shellac varnish.