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However, messages coming down from the pons actually inhibit activity in the medulla, leading breathing rates to slow down.

A second M.R.I. was even more revealing, showing a subtle abnormality in a region called the pons that was just like one noted in Andrea’s imaging.

“One on his lower spine, one intertwined with his brain stem and two behind his pons,” McKenzie Allen said.

Ross, G. S. & Sinnamon, H. M. Forelimb and hindlimb stepping by the anesthetized rat elicited by electrical stimulation of the pons and medulla.

The pons is responsible for basic biological functions, like breathing and sensory perception; by contrast, the cortex, a higher brain region, governs conscious thought and actions.