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A study in 2005 of medieval remains found hallux valgus - a small deformity of the big toe with a bony protrusion at its base, more commonly known as bunions - exclusively in corpses from the poulaine era.

And a 2021 study found that those who lived in more fashionable neighbourhoods during the height of the poulaine fashion were far more likely to have bunions, misshapen feet, and bone fractures in the arms associated with injury from falling.

Fashions are, by nature, of a particular time - and by 1475 the trend of the poulaine was largely over.

Poulaine, pōō-lān′, n. a long, pointed shoe.

Madeleine knew him by sight, the six-year-old grandson of Madame Dulcet, a bedridden, old, poor woman on Poulaine Street.