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The painting of the bald figure bears a citation of the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides.

When they were finally together, they made a little more small talk — regarding the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Heraclitus — and were soon bonding over a mutual love of cycling, camping, red meat and wine.

For Gioia, the pre-Socratic philosopher Pythagoras may be the most important and dire figure in his entire book.

Aristotle was not the first to conceptualize an elemental system: he borrowed from the fifth-century-bc pre-Socratic philosopher Empedocles.

Heraclitus of Ephesus, a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher said, “You can’t step into the same river twice,” meaning that change is constant and inevitable.