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They also created a low-cost, printed circuit board with built-in digital microfluidics, which the emitter is soldered to.

The island’s tech firms also produce components, including printed circuit boards and advanced camera lenses.

In this case, the researchers used polyaniline, also known as PANI, a synthetic polymer with conductive properties already used in applications such as printed circuit board manufacturing.

By using readily available printed circuit board technology and the associated mass manufacturing infrastructure, the team say the device can be produced quickly and cheaply at scale.

The chip houses the ions and traps them using electric fields in the voids between its tiny printed circuits.