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Scribner: We have over 50 automated elements, including the turntable, lifts, firefly hatches in the deck — they’re individually programmable pieces, but they’re run by operators who press buttons rhythmically and in the right order.

While G-protein coupled receptors can activate various cellular activities, researchers had previously avoided them for programmable applications because customizing their "keys" was challenging, literally requiring researchers to direct the evolution of the receptors for years to create just one desired option.

Looking ahead, Dr Rusimova said: "With applications in both basic and applied science, this advancement represents a major step toward fully programmable molecular systems. We expect techniques such as this to unlock new frontiers in molecular manufacturing, opening doors to innovations in medicine, clean energy, and beyond."

Then, an array of programmable beamsplitters, which was demonstrated in the 2017 paper, performs matrix multiplication on those inputs.

The data then pass to programmable NOFUs, which implement nonlinear functions by siphoning off a small amount of light to photodiodes that convert optical signals to electric current.