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The team identified several biomarkers related to insulin resistance -- such as fasting insulin, insulin at 30 minutes and 120 minutes, proinsulin, and serum C-peptide -- that were associated with increased AS risk.

Wheeler's colleagues in Brazil inserted a segment of human DNA coding for proinsulin -- the protein precursor of the active form of insulin -- into cell nuclei of 10 cow embryos.

Still, human proinsulin and, surprisingly, insulin were detectable in the milk.

"Our goal was to make proinsulin, purify it out to insulin, and go from there. But the cow basically processed it herself. She makes about three to one biologically active insulin to proinsulin," Wheeler said.

The insulin and proinsulin, which would need to be extracted and purified for use, were expressed at a few grams per liter in the milk.