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In clinical spaces, minors can get prescriptions for puberty blockers, which pause pubertal development, or hormone treatments, like testosterone or estrogen, which can be administered by injection, pill or patch.

"So we thought that disturbance of that normal pubertal hormonal activity could potentially shift the trajectory of some of those developmental processes."

Caldwell said early intervention could help stave off the pubertal reduction in physical activity consistently observed just before and during puberty.

“If a 16-year-old individual is ready to take gender affirming hormone therapy, such as estrogen or testosterone, they will be concordant with their peers, who are nearly all experiencing pubertal hormones.”

In addition, adolescents who receive puberty blockers and hormones “typically have circulating testosterone levels comparable to other girls and significantly lower than boys who have begun pubertal development.”