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“Object” was exhibited a few months later at the Galerie Charles Ratton in Paris.

José Luiz Ratton, a professor of criminal studies at Brazil’s Federal University of Pernambuco, said the increase in violent raids in recent years targeting the “socially vulnerable” has been “fed by authorities … who encourage and reinforce violent, unregulated and uncontrolled police action in the name of ‘fighting crime.’

"It's all anybody here wants to talk about," laughed Helvécio Ratton, 65, a filmmaker who has been friends with Rousseff since her university days.

Ratton said he and Rousseff were drawn to the leftist resistance because of Brazil's stark inequality, which was even worse back then.

That description is at total odds with her image today as a stern, humorless leader, Ratton acknowledged.