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In fall 2021, they studied common redstart, chaffinch and dunnock on Helgoland, an island off the German coast along the North Sea that is a popular stopover for birds on the move each autumn.

I think what we had were a black and white warbler, a black-throated green warbler, a yellow-rumped warbler and an American redstart.

Aristotle thought that some birds such as swallows hibernated in the colder months and that others transformed into different species—redstarts turned into robins for the winter, he proposed.

With the help of binoculars, radar and the naked eye, the professional scientists and the volunteers count the trapped birds, which often include small songbirds like Canada and yellow warblers and American redstarts.

Most small songbirds — flashy American redstarts, striped black-and-white warblers, dowdy sparrows — travel at night to avoid predators and exploit favorable air currents.