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The US doesn't have a shortage of oil, but its refineries are designed to process so-called "heavier" - or thicker - crude oil, which mostly comes from Canada, with some from Mexico.

Among their targets are oil refineries and fuel depots.

In November 2023, the firm announced plans to shut the refinery completely, replacing it with a fuels import terminal.

With the refinery closing, the main industry at the plant is now the production of chemicals like ethylene, polyethylene and polypropylene, which are components in the manufacture of plastics.

Graphite at the Zavallya quarry is processed at the sprawling refinery site a short distance from the canyon.