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For lanes three and four, the pellet fraction was analysed. c, Sucrose gradient analysis of reticulocyte translation reactions.

Meanwhile, before the Rio Olympics, Usada employees emailed back and forth about the hemoglobin value and reticulocyte count in a sample provided by Centrowitz, who was tested 17 times last year.

Some for example, have high reticulocyte counts--2% of one's red blood cells rather than the typical 1%.

But the ABP approach looks for significant changes in reticulocyte counts, rather than at absolute numbers, and thus avoids flagging athletes with naturally elevated reticulocyte levels.