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The good news for Hochul is that road pricing has proved popular in London, Stockholm, and Oslo, with public opinion improving over time.

However, he says the prospect of road pricing in Edinburgh is still years away and would be contingent on improvements to public transport.

There are policies that could encourage people to ditch cars, such as road pricing, which would ensure that the true environmental and social cost of running a vehicle—whether human- or robot-driven—is paid by its operator.

The Green Party, whose candidate in Uxbridge is Sarah Green, has called for further road pricing schemes and wants to expand the similar zone in Brighton, where it runs the council.

But a recent report from the Reform Scotland think tank points out that big, difficult decisions are not being made, which risk unpopularity, but it argues they will become essential - no more new buildings heated with gas, no new gas cooking hobs, and pay-as-you-drive road pricing.