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This ability to self-replicate makes these misfolded proteins infectious, which has enormous implications for public health.

Blending fact and fiction, Chilean novelist Benjamin Labatut's century-spanning history of the rise of AI explores the minds of the scientists who dreamed of machines able to learn, evolve and self-replicate without human guidance.

He added these standards should be focused on “dangerous capabilities” such as the ability to “self-replicate and self-exfiltrate into the wild.”

In 1948 mathematicians John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam set out to formulate how machines could, in theory, self-replicate—a trait that ALifers later targeted as a hallmark for life.

As argued by John von Neumann in 1939, the number of such devices could increase exponentially with time if they self-replicate, a quality enabled by 3D printing and AI technologies.