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But although serotine bats are quite common, scientists have yet to unravel all their mysteries.

In a study, published Monday in the journal Current Biology, Dr. Fassel and his colleagues presented evidence that serotine bats mate without penetration, making them the first mammals known to do so.

Those doing particularly well include the greater and lesser horseshoe bats; those apparently not doing quite so well include the brown long-eared bat and the serotine bat.

Cape serotine bats do not normally eat many moths.

Common pipistrelle; soprano pipistrelle; noctule and serotine bat species were all lower in number than in 2011, and "roost counts" were down compared with the year before for six of the species.