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But the real action is happening at nanoscale: Proteins in solution combine with chemical molecules held in minuscule wells in custom silicon chips that are like microscopic muffin tins.

Broomfield, Colorado—The core of this quantum computer looks familiar enough: a silicon chip the size of a stamp.

His discovery opened the door to previously unimaginable improvement in data capacity, with lower costs and higher speeds all using tiny silicon chips.

"Qubits based on hole spins not only leverage the tried-and-tested fabrication of silicon chips, they are also highly scalable and have proven to be fast and robust in experiments."

The mass production of conventional silicon chips relies on a successful business model with large 'semiconductor fabrication plants' or 'foundries'.