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Measuring soil organic carbon, for example, requires digging a core to the root zone, about 30 centimeters deep to obtain a topsoil profile and until the core hits bedrock to obtain an entire soil profile.

“It would slow down and have to soak into the soil profile. It would be stored then for release later in the season when the river got low.”

Farmland typically has horizontal soil profiles, but the sloping nature of the land means the soil profile is vertical.

You tell it your location, and the app gives you the soil profile of the ground you’re standing on.

When you combine these thin layers of volcanic ash interspersed with soil, you have a soil profile that reads like a book.’’