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Pathologic vascular remodeling often results in stenosed or occluded conduit grafts.

In severely stenosed tuberculous larynges a tracheotomy should first be done, for though the reaction is slight it might be sufficient to close a narrowed glottis.

Bouginage of a malignant esophagus to increase temporarily the size of the stenosed lumen is of questionable advisability, and is attended with the great risk of perforating the weakened esophageal wall.

Mortality from the endoscopic procedure is almost nil, and if gastrostomy is done early in the tightly stenosed cases, ultimate cure may be confidently expected with careful though prolonged treatment.

If free breathing cannot be obtained when the cannula is corked, the larynx is stenosed, and special work will be required to remove the tube.