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The benefit of electrons following closed orbits within a confined space is that the subatomic particle's property would be better preserved as it moves from one point to another, according to Velasco.

“It’s like subatomic bullets being fired at the cells,” Hirsch said.

Its particle/wave title alludes to the often mystifying duality of subatomic reality, which drove major scientific discovery for three centuries, from Isaac Newton to Albert Einstein.

Under two gargantuan domes of thick concrete and steel that rise along California’s rugged Central Coast, subatomic particles slam into uranium, triggering one of the most energetic reactions on Earth.

In 2012, Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to pass the heliopause frontier, where the fierce solar wind of subatomic particles yields to the force of other suns.