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They contain sulfur compounds that make them pungent when raw, mellow when cooked and addictively complex when layered.

In July, El Sobrante managers informed the South Coast Air Quality Management District that a chemical reaction brewing inside the landfill was causing broiling temperatures and producing toxic sulfur pollution, according to air district records.

And although landfill operators routinely monitor for potentially dangerous gases, such as methane or sulfur dioxide, they typically don’t have instruments that would detect toxic contaminants in wildfire ash, like lead or asbestos.

Scientists also have learned from measurements of sulfur particles emitted by ships’ exhaust, which create wispy, reflective, contrail-like clouds, similar to what marine cloud brightening could achieve.

It can result, above all, from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with hydroxyl radicals.