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Long, looping tracheae in some moa and enlarged syringeal bullae in some extinct waterfowl are almost certainly linked with unusual vocalisations in these birds but frustratingly little is known about the distribution and antiquity of the syrinx.

Omitting the paired tracheo-clavicular muscles, we restrict ourselves to the syringeal proper, those which extend between tracheal and bronchial rings.

However, Mr. Maurice Thompson—who, by the way, found time to do something else besides writing "Alice of Old Vincennes," and something just as creditable to his talent, too—dissected many birds with special reference to this subject, and gave close attention to birds in the act of singing, both out of doors and in captivity, and I am convinced that he proved the theory of the syringeal origin of bird song to be an erroneous one.