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The finding of a prototype of the vertebrate telencephalon in the ascidian larva raises the question of how the complicated structure of the vertebrate brain evolved.

A high-resolution enhancer atlas of the developing telencephalon.

This suggests that the expansion of the telencephalon was already completed shortly after the Mesozoic, and that the development of the Wulst formed a new phase in avian brain development.

The roof of the telencephalon is mainly epithelial, and contains no traces of cortical structure.

Cao and co-workers’ data also help to elucidate the evolutionary origins of the telencephalon of the vertebrate brain; in many higher vertebrates, the telencephalon is enlarged and is crucial for perception and cognition.