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Gagnon suspects heart regeneration is an ancestral trait common to all teleosts.

Pelvic fins are homologous to tetrapod hindlimbs and primarily serve a role in body trim and subtle swimming manoeuvres during teleost locomotion17, 18, 19.

John Clarke, now a paleontologist at the University of Pennsylvania, decided to test this “legend” by comparing the diversity of teleosts and holosteans in the fossil record.

Although most gene tree topologies were consistent with the teleost species tree, some gene trees showed large deviations from the accepted species tree.

Black numbers represents species divergence calculated as neutral genomic divergence between the sequenced species using ~2.7 million fourfold degenerate sites from the alignment of 9 teleost genomes.