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Using the well-known terbium titanate as an example, the team demonstrated that the method delivers highly reliable results.

Within the matrix of the crystal, only a few of the terbium ions form pairs.

The 17 elements are: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium.

The team positioned a metal tip a few atoms wide less than 1 nanometer above organic molecules that contained iron and terbium atoms.

Heavy REEs—those with high atomic numbers, including dysprosium, yttrium, and terbium—are most commonly extracted from masses of clay formed through eons of weathering of igneous rocks such as granite.