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Foliose species have lobed, leaflike bodies, or thalli; you can see both their upper and lower surfaces, which are different colors.

The process of working out what things were often felt like trying to solve a recalcitrant crossword puzzle, particularly when it involved learning technical terms like scopulae and thalli.

Fructification dorsal near the end of the thallus.

These structures cannot then be produced from the product of a single spore nor even from the thalli derived from any two spores.

Piece of thallus of a Sticta, with section, showing the immersed apothecia; the small openings of these dot the surface.