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The model showed that thermal trapping achieves the target temperature at lower concentrations with the same performance, or at higher thermal efficiency for equal concentration.

They have made a revolutionary step forward in thermal efficiency - the measure of converting fuel energy to power - by increasing it to more than 50% from the 30% or so of a standard road-going petrol engine.

He points out that the high-tech turbo hybrid power units used to power Formula 1 cars since 2014 are among the most efficient ever designed in terms of the percentage of fuel energy that is converted into power - a measure known as thermal efficiency.

F1 engines have a thermal efficiency rating of about 50%, while road-car petrol engines are generally in the region of 30%.

They have a thermal efficiency - the measure of the conversion of fuel-energy to power - of more than 50%, when a standard road-car internal combustion engine is around 30%.