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That could represent one of the tech industry’s most substantial changes in years, as smaller companies keep more of their profits and Apple’s ability to be an unavoidable toll collector slips away.

Mike Kelly, a 58-year-old native of Pittsburgh with a wife and three children, made about $25 an hour, plus health insurance and a pension plan, as a toll collector on the Pennsylvania Turnpike.

About a year ago, the authority eliminated a cash option for paying tolls at the Bay Bridge and other tolling facilities to limit interactions between drivers and toll collectors during the pandemic.

In the 1950s, Democrats toyed with a tit-for-tat approach in which they would refer to Republicans as “Publicans,” the widely despised toll collectors of ancient Rome.

The commission decided in May to keep the cashless system and laid off about 500 people, mostly toll collectors.