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A similar fate befell other pioneers in the field, such as the Jewish-Ukrainian scientist Waldemar Haffkine, who, working in the British Raj, developed toxoid vaccines for both bubonic plague and cholera.

"This study adds to the growing body of evidence that suggests the safe use of inactivated virus or bacterial vaccines or toxoids in pregnancy in order to prevent disease in both mother and child."

The list now includes measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccines.

There are other immunizing agents, specifically "toxoids", which are employed, for example against tetanus.

That day, an unsigned article reported that the Michigan Department of Health had had “favorable results with pertussis vaccine, either alone or in combination with diphtheria toxoid.”