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Epigenetic modifications and changes in the transcriptome play a central role here, promoting the adaptation and activation of proliferation and survival programs.

The molecular analyses at the single-cell level captured structural genomic and epigenetic variants in the same cell, as well as investigations of the transcriptome and cell surface proteins.

"Chuan's lab developed this killer technology to look at exactly what RNA each snoRNA is interacting with at the transcriptome level," Pan said.

Here, the researchers were able to leverage new third-generation long-read sequencing technologies to capture complete RNA molecules and profile the full-length transcriptome of two major regions of the developing neocortex: the germinal zone, which contains stem cells, and the cortical plate, which houses newly generated neurons.

RNA is produced when cells translate the information of their genes into proteins -- a so-called transcriptome analysis can reveal the current state and characteristics of a cell.