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The patch is made of a silicone elastomer that houses an array of small piezoelectric transducers sandwiched between stretchable copper electrodes.

One layer consists of an array of small piezoelectric transducers, which produce ultrasound waves when electrically stimulated and receive ultrasound waves reflected from the brain.

Known as piezoelectricity, the ability to trade between mechanical stress and electric charge can be harnessed widely in capacitors, actuators, transducers and sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes for next-generation electronics.

However, optical and ultrasound pathway integration always reduces the system's performance in conventional ultrasound transducers.

Underwater transducers detect the patterns of echoes bouncing back, which are converted into charts, called echograms, that give a vertical view of where things are in the water column.