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"We are the first group in the world to successfully apply the site-specific knock-in method to locusts. We know from the literature that the success rate for this type of transgenesis is very low, but we have succeeded," says Xingcong Jiang.

Dr. Mintz also did pioneering work in transgenesis — the introduction of genetic material from one organism into another — often using specialized needles and other equipment that she built herself.

Site-specific integrase-mediated transgenesis in mice via pronuclear injection.

Often in G.M.O.s, the inserted genes came from unrelated species, like the bacterial genes that were added to cotton so that it would exude a toxin to repel bollworms, a mixing of species known as transgenesis.

“There’s not this blockage of transgenesis that freaks out people for no reason,” he said.